Journal Description
Buildings
Buildings
is an international, peer-reviewed, open access journal on building science, building engineering and architecture published monthly online by MDPI. The International Council for Research and Innovation in Building and Construction (CIB) is affiliated with Buildings and their members receive a discount on the article processing charges.
- Open Access— free for readers, with article processing charges (APC) paid by authors or their institutions.
- High Visibility: indexed within Scopus, SCIE (Web of Science), Inspec, and other databases.
- Journal Rank: JCR - Q2 (Engineering, Civil) / CiteScore - Q1 (Architecture)
- Rapid Publication: manuscripts are peer-reviewed and a first decision is provided to authors approximately 14.6 days after submission; acceptance to publication is undertaken in 2.6 days (median values for papers published in this journal in the second half of 2023).
- Recognition of Reviewers: reviewers who provide timely, thorough peer-review reports receive vouchers entitling them to a discount on the APC of their next publication in any MDPI journal, in appreciation of the work done.
- Companion Journal: Architecture.
Impact Factor:
3.8 (2022);
5-Year Impact Factor:
3.8 (2022)
Latest Articles
Comparative Analysis of Indoor Air Quality and Thermal Comfort Standards in School Buildings across New Zealand with Other OECD Countries
Buildings 2024, 14(6), 1556; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14061556 (registering DOI) - 27 May 2024
Abstract
COVID-19 has improved awareness of the importance of appropriate indoor air quality (IAQ) in indoor spaces, particularly in classrooms where children are expected to learn. Research has shown that poor IAQ and temperature levels affect the cognitive performance of children. In this paper,
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COVID-19 has improved awareness of the importance of appropriate indoor air quality (IAQ) in indoor spaces, particularly in classrooms where children are expected to learn. Research has shown that poor IAQ and temperature levels affect the cognitive performance of children. In this paper, we critically compare IAQ standards for New Zealand’s Designing Quality Learning Spaces (DQLS Document) against international benchmarks from the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries, including ASHRAE 62.1, CIBSE TM57, EN-15251, WHO AQGs, and Building Bulletins 99 and 101. The aim was to ascertain the robustness of New Zealand’s DQLS document, identify areas of superiority, and recommend the required improvement for appropriate IAQ and thermal comfort in classrooms. This comparison review focuses on IAQ parameters: CO2 levels, temperature, ventilation rates, room size, occupant density, and occupancy rates. The findings illuminate a slight lag in New Zealand’s DQLS standards compared to her international counterparts. For instance, while New Zealand’s standards align closely with WHO standards for IAQ concerning temperature and ventilation rates, the recommended CO2 range appears slightly inadequate (800 to 2000 ppm) along with occupancy and classroom size for effectively controlling classroom pollutant growth. This paper emphasises the need to align New Zealand’s IAQ and thermal comfort standards with optimal OECD benchmarks. The identified disparities present opportunities for improving learning spaces in terms of CO2 concentration, size of classroom, and occupant density in schools in New Zealand to meet globally recognised standards, ultimately creating a healthier and more conducive learning environment.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Indoor Air Quality in Buildings)
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Open AccessArticle
Non-Cement Building Materials from Volcanic Rock Extraction Waste
by
Avetik Arzumanyan, Nelli Muradyan, Arusyak Arzumanyan, David Laroze and Manuk Barseghyan
Buildings 2024, 14(6), 1555; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14061555 - 27 May 2024
Abstract
This work presents the types of waste of Armenian volcanic aluminosilicate tuff rocks extraction, as a component of the raw material of non-cement, artificial stone materials, the technical possibilities of their use, and the results of experiments for meeting the indicators of physical
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This work presents the types of waste of Armenian volcanic aluminosilicate tuff rocks extraction, as a component of the raw material of non-cement, artificial stone materials, the technical possibilities of their use, and the results of experiments for meeting the indicators of physical and mechanical characteristics of natural stone. Preliminary orientational experimental studies have specified the proportions of the raw materials in the compositions, the connections between the preparation of mixtures, the compaction of samples, and the shortest possible heat treatment regimes at temperatures up to 200 °C. Non-cement artificial stones were developed using tuff waste, with filler–composite binder ratios of 75/25 and 70/30, and a water/solid mass ratio of 0.10-to-0.12%. After 9 h of heat treatment, the density, water absorption, and compressive strength of non-cement artificial stone materials were determined. The results showed that these materials outperformed natural stone materials from the same deposits, in terms of the same physical and mechanical characteristics. The use of tuff waste resulted in increased densities, from 10.5 to 39%, decreased water absorption by 2 to 2.5 times, and increased compressive strength of non-cement artificial stone materials, from 15 to 30% compared to natural tuff stones. X-ray diffraction and SEM image studies were also carried out for the obtained non-cement artificial stones. The novelty in the developed technology of obtaining stone materials primarily revolves around the mixture preparation technology by using tuff waste materials and low-temperature heat treatment.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Scientific Developments in Cement-Based and Alternative Materials)
Open AccessArticle
The Role of Spatial Layout in Shaping Value Perception and Customer Loyalty in Theme Hotels
by
Tsen-Yao Chang and Yu-Cheng Lin
Buildings 2024, 14(6), 1554; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14061554 - 27 May 2024
Abstract
Despite the acknowledged connection between physical environment and human behavior, the literature often underestimates the crucial role of hotel spatial layout and its relation to other factors in shaping customer loyalty. The layout of theme hotels is often simply considered a general environmental
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Despite the acknowledged connection between physical environment and human behavior, the literature often underestimates the crucial role of hotel spatial layout and its relation to other factors in shaping customer loyalty. The layout of theme hotels is often simply considered a general environmental consideration, ignoring its far-reaching impact. This research proposes that guests staying at theme hotels will perceive value when utilizing the layout and appreciate all aspects of hotel facilities. This, in turn, influences their value perception and loyalty to the hotel. To analyze the data, confirmatory factor analysis and path analysis were employed on a sample of 298 individuals who stayed in theme hotels. The findings from these analyses reveal that both the hotel layout and the external environment positively influence guests’ evaluations of the internal environment (R2 = 0.640). Furthermore, the evaluation of the internal environment and layout significantly impacts guests’ perceived values (R2 = 0.517), subsequently shaping their loyalty to the hotel (R2 = 0.370). Perceived value emerges as a vital mediating factor between the layout and customer loyalty. This study presents compelling evidence that spatial layout significantly influences customer loyalty in theme hotels through perceived value, transcending internal and external environmental boundaries.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Building Energy, Physics, Environment, and Systems)
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Open AccessArticle
A Safety Risk Analysis of a Steel-Structure Building Using an Improved Controlled Interval and Memory Model
by
Jinhua Chen, Lihong Zhou, Yipeng Liu and Yajie Wang
Buildings 2024, 14(6), 1553; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14061553 - 27 May 2024
Abstract
Scholars and engineers have increasingly focused on the safety of steel-structure buildings. An accurate analysis can substantially reduce the collapse probability of these buildings. This paper proposes a novel risk analysis model to assess the safety of steel-structure buildings. The vector entropy method
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Scholars and engineers have increasingly focused on the safety of steel-structure buildings. An accurate analysis can substantially reduce the collapse probability of these buildings. This paper proposes a novel risk analysis model to assess the safety of steel-structure buildings. The vector entropy method and weight clustering were used to improve the controlled interval and memory (CIM) model. The proposed model has the advantages of a straightforward modeling approach, strong adaptability, and logical relationships. The new strategy improves the reliability and stability of the CIM model results when the maximum membership principle is not applicable. The Jiangxi Exhibition Center in China, which has a steel truss roof, is used as a case study. The results indicate a high safety risk of the project and the need for maintenance and repair. The improved CIM model has higher stability and adaptability for analyzing the safety risks of steel structure than the standard CIM model.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Life Cycle Management of Civil Engineering)
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Open AccessArticle
A Study on the Visual Comfort of Urban Building Colors under Overcast and Rainy Weather
by
Yihe Li, Binqing Xu and Yang Liu
Buildings 2024, 14(6), 1552; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14061552 - 27 May 2024
Abstract
The color of urban architecture plays a crucial role in influencing the visual comfort of city inhabitants. During overcast and rainy conditions, there is a noticeable shift in how people perceive the comfort level of building colors and their visual recognition. This research
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The color of urban architecture plays a crucial role in influencing the visual comfort of city inhabitants. During overcast and rainy conditions, there is a noticeable shift in how people perceive the comfort level of building colors and their visual recognition. This research selects Hangzhou, a city renowned for its prevalent overcast rainy weather in China, gathering 60 samples across two distinct architectural types. It encompasses 120 architectural images captured during both overcast rainy and clear days. Furthermore, color values were extracted utilizing the Chinese architectural color card, adhering to the Munsell color system. As an empirical approach, a survey was conducted, enlisting 40 participants for a questionnaire assessment based on the Likert scale. Following descriptive analysis of the data, SPSS was utilized to conduct correlation analysis and regression analysis, unveiling the relationship between visual comfort and color attributes (hue, value, chroma). Subsequently, RStudio was employed to analyze the threshold of architectural color comfort, comparing overcast rainy weather with clear weather. The findings suggest a significant correlation between the value contrast of architectural colors and visual comfort during overcast rainy weather. Concerning value, the visual comfort threshold for residential buildings is within the range of 7 ≤ value < 10 and 3 ≤ value contrast < 5, whereas for commercial buildings, it is within the range of 4 ≤ value < 7 and 3 ≤ value contrast < 5. Regarding chroma, there is no correlation between chroma contrast and commercial buildings, while the visual comfort threshold for residential buildings lies within the range of 0 ≤ chroma < 4 and 4 ≤ chroma contrast < 8.
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(This article belongs to the Section Architectural Design, Urban Science, and Real Estate)
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Open AccessArticle
Intelligent Analysis of Construction Safety of Large Underground Space Based on Digital Twin
by
Caizhao Yu, Zhansheng Liu, Haitao Wang, Guoliang Shi and Tianshuai Song
Buildings 2024, 14(6), 1551; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14061551 - 27 May 2024
Abstract
With the rapid development of underground space, the issue of safety in construction processes is becoming more and more significant. The purpose of this paper is to solve the problem of the existing underground space monitoring technology not being centralized and unified. In
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With the rapid development of underground space, the issue of safety in construction processes is becoming more and more significant. The purpose of this paper is to solve the problem of the existing underground space monitoring technology not being centralized and unified. In view of the problems related to large underground spaces in the process of constructing complex structures, with the introduction of Internet of Things technology and digital twins, we put forward an application of an intelligent safety-monitoring digital twin system in the construction of a large underground space structure, and at the same time, explore the Internet and digital integration mechanism of the twin system. The twin system uses BIM technology to establish the corresponding physical construction model, and collects multi-source heterogeneous monitoring data in real time through Internet of Things technology to achieve the exchange of information between the virtual construction model and the physical construction model. The twin system uses the multi-source heterogeneous data for real-time security analysis, and obtains the security status of the structure and feeds it back to the application service layer. The effectiveness and practicability of the twin system in large underground spaces are verified by an example project. Aiming at the safe performance of the orthogonal arch, the mapping relationship of various parameter indexes is obtained, and reasonable control measures are given. This study provides a new solution for improving the safety of construction projects and risk prevention and control, and has important theoretical and practical value for the safety management of underground space construction processes.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Strategic Planning and Control in Complex Project Management)
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Open AccessArticle
Construction and Geo-Distribution of the Architectural Characteristics of Clan Ancestral Halls along the Yile–Xijing Historical Trail in Lechang
by
Ziru Ren, Zhaohui Tang and Binbin Li
Buildings 2024, 14(6), 1550; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14061550 - 27 May 2024
Abstract
The Guangdong historical trail comprises two ancient trails, known as Yile (宜乐) and Xijing (西京); can be found within the borders of Lechang (乐昌); and is an integral part of the northern section of the Guangdong historical trail, connecting Hunan and Guangdong. Along
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The Guangdong historical trail comprises two ancient trails, known as Yile (宜乐) and Xijing (西京); can be found within the borders of Lechang (乐昌); and is an integral part of the northern section of the Guangdong historical trail, connecting Hunan and Guangdong. Along these routes, there are various types of ancestral halls. The objectives of this study include analyzing various levels of information about ancestral hall architecture, determining their respective importance through AHP hierarchical analysis, classifying architectural features via cluster analysis using SPSS, and exploring the geographical distribution trajectories of ancestral halls along the ancient paths using GIS technology. Ultimately, this study seeks to shed light on the influence of different cultures brought by the ancient road on the distribution of architectural types and identify three distinct types of ancestral halls.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Construction Management, and Computers & Digitization)
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Open AccessArticle
Enhancing Green Building Technologies and Solutions in UAE University Campus: A Comprehensive Assessment and Validation Approach
by
Maatouk Khoukhi, Ariel Gomez, Abeer Dar Saleh, Maryam Alkaabi and Hajar Muhsenah
Buildings 2024, 14(6), 1549; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14061549 - 27 May 2024
Abstract
This study investigates the integration of Green Building Technologies and Solutions within UAEU’s Maqam Campus, focusing on assessing sustainable design effectiveness. Using a mixed-method approach, the research comprehensively evaluates indoor environmental quality (IEQ) from June 2022 to January 2023. Data collection, user insights,
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This study investigates the integration of Green Building Technologies and Solutions within UAEU’s Maqam Campus, focusing on assessing sustainable design effectiveness. Using a mixed-method approach, the research comprehensively evaluates indoor environmental quality (IEQ) from June 2022 to January 2023. Data collection, user insights, on-site audits, and analysis inform the assessment. Initial survey findings reveal a preference for manual control among students, emphasizing user agency. Subsequent surveys and environmental monitoring identify areas for improvement, notably in thermal comfort and lighting quality. The study highlights the significance of holistic occupant satisfaction and IEQ in green building design, advocating for user-centric solutions and advanced technologies to enhance energy efficiency and create harmonious environments in educational buildings like the C6 building.
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(This article belongs to the Section Building Energy, Physics, Environment, and Systems)
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Open AccessArticle
Seismic Assessment of a Modernist Building in Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
by
Naida Ademovic, Marijana Hadzima-Nyarko and Admira Piljug
Buildings 2024, 14(6), 1548; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14061548 - 27 May 2024
Abstract
This paper presents an in-depth analysis of the Kopčić House, a significant example of modernist architecture in Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, focusing on its structural-specific features and seismic performance. The Kopčić House embodies a confined masonry structure with innovative construction features, combining load-bearing
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This paper presents an in-depth analysis of the Kopčić House, a significant example of modernist architecture in Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, focusing on its structural-specific features and seismic performance. The Kopčić House embodies a confined masonry structure with innovative construction features, combining load-bearing masonry walls with reinforced concrete elements. This architectural approach was pioneering for its time, combining traditional construction methods with innovative materials and techniques. Detailed analysis using numerical modeling techniques, specifically 3D modeling with the 3Muri software (Vers.14.2.0.4), was conducted to assess the seismic resilience of the structure. The analysis considered different load distributions and eccentricities to comprehensively evaluate the building’s response to lateral forces. The findings of this research reveal the structural capacity and potential vulnerabilities of the Kopčić House when subjected to seismic events. While the building demonstrates inherent strength due to its confined masonry design, areas requiring structural strengthening were identified through numerical simulations. This study contributes to the broader understanding of confined masonry construction within the context of modernist architecture. By integrating historical research with advanced structural analysis, this work aims to bridge the gap between architectural heritage and contemporary engineering practices.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Built Environments and Environmental Buildings)
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Open AccessArticle
Experimental and Three-Dimensional Numerical Investigations of Dehydration and Pyrolysis in Wood under Elevated and High Temperatures
by
Qianyi Li, Biao Xu, Kaixi Chen, Zhaoyan Cui, Yan Liu and Lingfeng Zhang
Buildings 2024, 14(6), 1547; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14061547 - 27 May 2024
Abstract
Thermal responses of wood significantly depend on the dehydration and pyrolysis processes. However, the dehydration and pyrolysis of wood are not well understood. In this study, the thermal model of wood, considering the temperature-dependent thermo-physical parameters, was presented. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) experiments
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Thermal responses of wood significantly depend on the dehydration and pyrolysis processes. However, the dehydration and pyrolysis of wood are not well understood. In this study, the thermal model of wood, considering the temperature-dependent thermo-physical parameters, was presented. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) experiments were conducted on the Douglas fir wood with different moisture contents to validate the apparent specific heat capacity submodel. Subsequently, the thermal model was, respectively, implemented in the finite element software Abaqus 6.14 and finite volume software OpenFOAM 5.0 to simulate the three-dimensional temperature profiles within the wood. Dehydration experiment was conducted on the Douglas fir wood to verify the thermal model from room temperature to 200 °C. The thermal model was further validated by the full-scale fire experiment of the cross-laminated timber panel made of Spruce wood. It was found that both latent heat and pyrolysis heat have significant influence on the apparent specific heat capacity which further affected the thermal responses of wood. Moreover, the temperature is more sensitive to the latent heat than to the pyrolysis heat. The gas velocity is rather low in the dehydration and pyrolysis stages due to the low gas pressure. As a result, the gas convection seems to have very limited influence on the temperature progressions.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Performance Analysis of Timber Composite Structures)
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Open AccessArticle
Automatic Detection of Urban Pavement Distress and Dropped Objects with a Comprehensive Dataset Collected via Smartphone
by
Lin Xu, Kaimin Fu, Tao Ma, Fanlong Tang and Jianwei Fan
Buildings 2024, 14(6), 1546; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14061546 - 27 May 2024
Abstract
Pavement distress seriously affects the quality of pavement and reduces driving comfort and safety. The dropped objects from vehicles have increased the risks of traffic accidents. Therefore, automatic detection of urban pavement distress and dropped objects is an effective method to timely evaluate
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Pavement distress seriously affects the quality of pavement and reduces driving comfort and safety. The dropped objects from vehicles have increased the risks of traffic accidents. Therefore, automatic detection of urban pavement distress and dropped objects is an effective method to timely evaluate pavement condition. Firstly, this paper utilized a portable platform to collect pavement distress and dropped objects to establish a high-quality dataset. Six types of pavement distresses: transverse crack, longitudinal crack, alligator crack, oblique crack, potholes, and repair, and three types of dropped objects: plastic bottle, metal bottle, and tetra pak were included in this comprehensive dataset. Secondly, the real-time YOLO series detection models were used to classify and localize the pavement distresses and dropped objects. In addition, segmentation models W-segnet, U-Net, and SegNet were utilized to achieve pixel-level detection of pavement distress and dropped objects. The results show that YOLOv8 outperformed YOLOv5 and YOLOv7 with a MAP of 0.889. W-segnet showed an overall MIoU of 70.65% and 68.33% on the training set and test set, respectively, being superior to the comparison model and being able to achieve high-precision pixel-level segmentation. Finally, the trained models were performed on the holdout dataset for the generalization test. The proposed methods integrated the detection of urban pavement distress and dropped objects, which could significantly contribute to driving safety.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Infrastructure Construction and Management)
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Open AccessEditorial
Seismic Impact on Building Structures: Assessment, Design, and Strengthening
by
Rajesh Rupakhety and Dipendra Gautam
Buildings 2024, 14(6), 1545; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14061545 - 27 May 2024
Abstract
The changing landscape of building technology, seismic engineering understanding, data, innovative rehabilitation strategies, and computing efficiency have morphed the field of structural earthquake engineering and closely allied fields into one of the most dynamic and vibrant fields of civil engineering, both in research
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The changing landscape of building technology, seismic engineering understanding, data, innovative rehabilitation strategies, and computing efficiency have morphed the field of structural earthquake engineering and closely allied fields into one of the most dynamic and vibrant fields of civil engineering, both in research and practice [...]
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Seismic Impact on Building Structures: Assessment, Design, and Strengthening)
Open AccessHypothesis
Relationships between Green Space Perceptions, Green Space Use, and the Multidimensional Health of Older People: A Case Study of Fuzhou, China
by
Yuanjing Wu, Wei Zhou, Huimin Zhang, Qunyue Liu, Zhao Yan and Siren Lan
Buildings 2024, 14(6), 1544; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14061544 - 27 May 2024
Abstract
Urban green spaces are vital for older people’s health. However, most studies have only focused on their relationship with single-dimensional health outcomes. This study introduced a theoretical model to explore how perceptions of green spaces influence older people’s multidimensional health, mediated by the
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Urban green spaces are vital for older people’s health. However, most studies have only focused on their relationship with single-dimensional health outcomes. This study introduced a theoretical model to explore how perceptions of green spaces influence older people’s multidimensional health, mediated by the use of these spaces. Using a literature review, interviews, and surveys, we developed and refined a measurement scale for older people’s perceptions of urban greenery. Using data from 513 seniors in Fuzhou’s urban parks, structural equation modeling was used to examine the relationships between their multidimensional health, usage, and perceptions of green spaces. The results showed that older people’s positive evaluations of green spaces, especially those with facilities, significantly increased their usage. This increased usage positively influences their physical, mental, and social health, with the most pronounced benefits for social health. The total impact of green space perception on multidimensional health was beneficial and significantly impacted social health, even though the direct impacts of quality perception on physical health and facility perception on social health were minimal. These findings enhance our understanding of the impact of green spaces on the health of older individuals and provide a theoretical basis for developing urban green spaces that maximize health advantages for older people.
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(This article belongs to the Topic Biophilic Cities and Communities: Towards Natural Resources, Environmental and Social Sustainability)
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Open AccessArticle
Corrosion Properties and Bond Strength in Normal Strength Concrete of Al2O3 Plasma-Sprayed Plain Bars with ZrCC/Organofunctional Silane Coating
by
Petr Pokorný, Nikola Prodanovic, Karel Hurtig, Veronika Steinerová, Jaroslav Fojt, Marek Janata and Vlastimil Brožek
Buildings 2024, 14(6), 1543; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14061543 - 26 May 2024
Abstract
In this study, the corrosion properties of plasma-sprayed Al2O3 coating (APSS) with a topcoat of zirconium-based conversion coating (ZrCC) and organofunctional silane coating (3-glycidyloxypropyltrimethoxysilane; GPTMS) on carbon steel are investigated in detail. Additionally, the bond strength of plain steel bars
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In this study, the corrosion properties of plasma-sprayed Al2O3 coating (APSS) with a topcoat of zirconium-based conversion coating (ZrCC) and organofunctional silane coating (3-glycidyloxypropyltrimethoxysilane; GPTMS) on carbon steel are investigated in detail. Additionally, the bond strength of plain steel bars coated with this system in normal strength concrete are newly tested. The APSS coating exhibits significant porosity, with unfavourable open pores limiting the barrier protection effect. In contrast, the surface roughness (Ra) significantly increases, improving the bond strength between steel bars and concrete. Such increase in carbon steel roughness improves bond strength in concrete. The synergic application of ZrCC and GPTMS topcoats significantly enhances the corrosion resistance of the base coat (inhibition effect). The character of the GPTMS coating increases the wettability of the APSS coating, which further positively contributes to bond strength between plain bars and concrete. It is demonstrated that when the ZrCC topcoat is applied without GPTMS, the corrosion resistance increases insignificantly and the surface wettability decreases, negatively affecting bond strength in comparison with carbon steel coated using an APSS base coat only.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on Durability and Aging on Materials and Structures in Buildings)
Open AccessArticle
A Synergetic Perspective on the Planning of the “City in a Park”: A Case Study of the Sichuan Tianfu New Area, China
by
Siyu Chen, Jian Qiu, Mei Yang and Jing Li
Buildings 2024, 14(6), 1542; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14061542 - 26 May 2024
Abstract
The “City in a Park” (CIP) is a new concept of urban transformation and development proposed in China in recent years, guiding the construction of healthy and sustainable living environments. This paper analyzes urban planning based on the CIP concept from a synergetic
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The “City in a Park” (CIP) is a new concept of urban transformation and development proposed in China in recent years, guiding the construction of healthy and sustainable living environments. This paper analyzes urban planning based on the CIP concept from a synergetic perspective, aiming to explore how the integrated planning of ecological spaces and built environments can promote systematic sustainable development in ecology, economy, and society. This research employs methods including document collection, unstructured interviews, field observations, and participatory observation, focusing on a case study of the Sichuan Tianfu New Area (STNA), a demonstration zone for the CIP. The study finds that the planning of the STNA extends the planning scope of urban ecological spaces beyond the traditional urban construction boundaries, not only preserving the natural resources but also enhancing the city’s overall sustainability through regional ecological services. By designing ecological spaces as green infrastructure that connects urban and rural areas, the primary sector is more readily integrated with the secondary and tertiary sectors, facilitating the integration of the urban and rural infrastructure and industries. The STNA integrates urban and rural administrative divisions, builds a cross-departmental collaborative management platform, and guides public participation in the planning process, ensuring the efficiency and effectiveness of planning implementation and enhancing the equitable sharing of social services. This research provides new insights into comprehensive, cross-disciplinary, and ecology-oriented urban planning. It offers evidence for an understanding of the application pathways and effects of the CIP concept in urban planning practice and provides valuable experience for other cities to promote harmonious coexistence between the city and nature.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Studies in Urban and Regional Planning)
Open AccessArticle
Rubberized Concrete: Effect of the Rubber Size and Content on Static and Dynamic Behavior
by
Tianyang Du, Yue Yang, Huidong Cao, Nan Si, Hadi Kordestani, Zhwan Dilshad Ibrahim Sktani, Ali Arab and Chunwei Zhang
Buildings 2024, 14(6), 1541; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14061541 - 26 May 2024
Abstract
Abstract: Rubberized concrete (RC) has received widespread attention due to its energy absorption and crack resistance properties. However, due to its low compressive strength, it is not recommended for structural applications. The rubber size and content affect RC’s mechanical properties. This study investigated
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Abstract: Rubberized concrete (RC) has received widespread attention due to its energy absorption and crack resistance properties. However, due to its low compressive strength, it is not recommended for structural applications. The rubber size and content affect RC’s mechanical properties. This study investigated and formulated the behavior of RC with different particle sizes and contents under dynamic and static loading. Quasi-static compressive and dynamic tests were conducted on RC with varying content of rubber (0–30%) and rubber sizes (0.1–20 mm). It was found that the rubber particle size was 0.5mm and the rubber content was 2%. An equation was derived from the experimental data to forecast the impact of rubber size and content on compressive strength. Additionally, by combining the literature and this research’s data, a model was established based on neural networks to predict the strength of RC. SHPB tests were carried out to study the stress–strain curves under dynamic load. The peak stress, fragment analysis, and energy absorption of RC with varying content of rubber and rubber sizes at three different strain rates (100 s−1, 160 s−1, and 290 s−1) were investigated. Equations describing the relationship between dynamic increase factor (DIF), rubber material content, and strain rate on different particle sizes were obtained by fitting. The DIF increased as the content of the rubber increased. By analyzing energy absorption data, it was found that the optimal ratio for energy absorption was RC-0.5-30, RC-0.1-30, and RC-10-30 at strain rates of 100 s−1, 160 s−1, and 290 s−1. This study could be a good guideline for other researchers to easily select the content and size of the rubber in RC for their applications. It also has a positive significance in promoting the development of green building materials.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Building Materials, and Repair & Renovation)
Open AccessArticle
Classification and Model Explanation of Traditional Dwellings Based on Improved Swin Transformer
by
Shangbo Miao, Chenxi Zhang, Yushun Piao and Yalin Miao
Buildings 2024, 14(6), 1540; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14061540 - 25 May 2024
Abstract
The extraction of features and classification of traditional dwellings plays significant roles in preserving and ensuring the sustainable development of these structures. Currently, challenges persist in subjective classification and the accuracy of feature extraction. This study focuses on traditional dwellings in Gansu Province,
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The extraction of features and classification of traditional dwellings plays significant roles in preserving and ensuring the sustainable development of these structures. Currently, challenges persist in subjective classification and the accuracy of feature extraction. This study focuses on traditional dwellings in Gansu Province, China, employing a novel model named Improved Swin Transformer. This model, based on the Swin Transformer and parallel grouped Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) branches, aims to enhance the accuracy of feature extraction and classification precision. Furthermore, to validate the accuracy of feature extraction during the prediction process and foster trust in AI systems, explainability research was conducted using Grad-CAM-generated heatmaps. Initially, the Gansu Province Traditional Dwelling Dataset (GTDD) is established. On the constructed GTDD dataset, the Improved Swin Transformer attains an accuracy of 90.03% and an F1 score of 87.44%. Comparative analysis with ResNet-50, ResNeXt-50, and Swin Transformer highlights the outstanding performance of the improved model. The confusion matrix of the Improved Swin Transformer model reveals the classification results across different regions, indicating that the primary influencing factors are attributed to terrain, climate, and cultural aspects. Finally, using Grad-CAM-generated heatmaps for explaining classifications, it is observed that the Improved Swin Transformer model exhibits more accurate localization and focuses on features compared to the other three models. The model demonstrates exceptional feature extraction ability with minimal influence from the surrounding environment. Simultaneously, through the heatmaps generated by the Improved Swin Transformer for traditional residential areas in five regions of Gansu, it is evident that the model accurately extracts architectural features such as roofs, facades, materials, windows, etc. This validates the consistency of features extracted by the Improved Swin Transformer with traditional methods and enhances trust in the model and decision-making. In summary, the Improved Swin Transformer demonstrates outstanding feature extraction ability and accurate classification, providing valuable insights for the protection and style control of traditional residential areas.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Artificial Intelligence and Buildings: Design, Analysis, and Construction)
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Open AccessArticle
Stochastic Response of Composite Post Insulators under Seismic Excitation
by
Haibo Wang, Yongfeng Cheng, Zhicheng Lu, Ronghua Huan, Qiangfeng Lü and Zhenlin Liu
Buildings 2024, 14(6), 1539; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14061539 - 25 May 2024
Abstract
Composite post insulators are crucial facilities in substations and are prone to significant damage during seismic disasters. However, existing research lacks seismic motion models suitable for power facilities and rarely involves stochastic models. Furthermore, considering the non-stationary characteristics of seismic motion, predicting the
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Composite post insulators are crucial facilities in substations and are prone to significant damage during seismic disasters. However, existing research lacks seismic motion models suitable for power facilities and rarely involves stochastic models. Furthermore, considering the non-stationary characteristics of seismic motion, predicting the response of nonlinear systems under non-stationary excitation becomes exceedingly challenging. In view of this, the stochastic response of composite post insulators under the non-stationary stochastic seismic excitation appropriate for power facilities has been studied. First, a stochastic ground motion model, conforming to the Code for Seismic Design of Electrical Insulators in China, is established, incorporating amplitude and frequency non-stationarity. Next, the nonlinear dynamic system, accounting for multi-section composite post insulators and the nonlinearity of flange connections, is established under stochastic ground motion conditions. Based on this stochastic nonlinear dynamic model, the dynamic behavior of the system was analyzed using the stochastic dynamics method (the wavelet-Galerkin method), and the influence of nonlinear stiffness on the system response was discussed. The stochastic seismic response analysis method proposed in this paper can serve as a valuable reference for the seismic design of pillar-type electrical equipment.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Structural Health Monitoring and Vibration Control)
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Open AccessArticle
Assessing Utilization and Comfort in a Village Scenic Park: Implications for Rural Revitalization
by
Wenying Yao, Tao Zhang, Hiroatsu Fukuda, Mengying Wang and Jinli Yang
Buildings 2024, 14(6), 1538; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14061538 - 25 May 2024
Abstract
Scenic parks in rural areas occupy crucial positions, serving as vital hubs for the daily lives of villagers and important leisure destinations for tourists. This research is dedicated to assessing the significance of the scenic park in Wawuzhuang Village from the perspectives of
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Scenic parks in rural areas occupy crucial positions, serving as vital hubs for the daily lives of villagers and important leisure destinations for tourists. This research is dedicated to assessing the significance of the scenic park in Wawuzhuang Village from the perspectives of both villagers and tourists. Employing a comprehensive research approach, this study examines the current state of the scenic park and its ability to meet the requirements of villagers and tourists. Villagers, mainly elderly individuals with low levels of education, rely heavily on green spaces for leisure and social interaction. In contrast, younger tourists and villagers require spaces that offer more comfort and aesthetic appeal. This study highlights the possibility of designing rural scenic parks to meet the basic needs of both tourists and villagers. In addition, mixed-use designs and public participation designs are suggested to promote the use of rural parks, potentially creating an attractive community environment that attracts new villagers and more tourists. Although this study is limited to a single case, it lays the groundwork for further research in other rural areas. This research contributes to the sustainable development of rural revitalization.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Human-Centric Space Design: Occupant Comfort, Wellbeing, and Post-occupancy Evaluation of Multi-Scale Built Environment)
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Open AccessArticle
Finite Element Method Simulation and Experimental Investigation on the Temperature Control System with Groundwater Circulation in Bridge Deck Pavement
by
Wei Ni, Hancheng Dan, Gewen Bai and Jiawei Tan
Buildings 2024, 14(6), 1537; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14061537 - 25 May 2024
Abstract
The application of green energy resources is gaining increasing attention in the field of engineering. In cold areas, the groundwater circulation temperature control system (GCTCS) can serve as an auxiliary structure to the bridge deck on highways, effectively preventing the pavement surface from
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The application of green energy resources is gaining increasing attention in the field of engineering. In cold areas, the groundwater circulation temperature control system (GCTCS) can serve as an auxiliary structure to the bridge deck on highways, effectively preventing the pavement surface from freezing. In this study, a finite element simulation is conducted to establish a bridge structure model of the GCTCS, incorporating both steady-state and transient conditions to investigate its anti-icing performance. Additionally, the influences of various factors, such as wind speed, asphalt concrete layer thickness, groundwater temperature, pipe water flow rate, and pipe spacing, on the temperature of the water film on the pavement surface are investigated and validated through laboratory testing. The results demonstrate that wind speed has a significant influence, with the convective heat loss reaching 90% when the wind speed reaches 10 m/s. Groundwater temperature is the second most influential factor, showing a linear relationship with the water film temperature. Excessive pipe spacing can lead to an uneven temperature distribution on the pavement surface. The thickness of the asphalt concrete layer and the flow rate have minimal effects. However, a low flow rate can result in a significant decrease in the water film temperature. Furthermore, changes in the thermal conductivity of the surface layers also contribute to the anti-icing effect. The simulation analysis of the GCTCS provides valuable guidance for practical engineering in cooler regions where groundwater resources are abundant.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pathway to Sustainability: Advances in Road Pavement Structures and Materials)
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